The Emergence of Academies in the Eastern Townships of Lower Canada and the Invisibility of the Canada-U.S. Border
Bibliographic record
Abstract
AbstractBy examining the emergence of academies along the borderland of the United States and the Eastern Townships of Lower Canada in the nineteenth century, this study highlights American influences and innovations that contributed to the development of schooling in the region. When American settlers arrived in the wake of the American Revolution, they began to re-establish the familiar social and cultural institutions that they had left behind in the Thirteen Colonies. Among those institutions were academies based on the New England model. Academies in the Eastern Townships emulated the culture of New England academies in four major ways: organizational structure; curriculum; the use of American books; and, reliance on American teachers. This study argues that by examining American influences on education, we may better situate the history of Quebec education in its continental context, and may better understand the trends that have shaped the common experience of schooling on both sides of the border.RésuméL’étude de l’émergence des « académies » au début du XIXe siècle dans la région frontalière entre les États-Unis et les Cantons de l’Est du Bas-Canada met en lumière les influences et les innovations américaines qui contribuèrent au développement de l’éducation dans cette région. Lorsque les colons américains arrivèrent dans la foulée de la révolution américaine, ils commencèrent par établir des institutions culturelles et sociales comme celles laissées derrière dans les Treize colonies. Parmi celles-ci, on retrouve les académies calquées sur le modèle de la Nouvelle-Angleterre. Dans les Cantons de l’Est, ces institutions ont adopté quatre caractéristiques principales des académies américaines : la structure organisationnelle, le programme scolaire, l’emploi des mêmes livres et le recrutement d’enseignants américains. L’auteur soutient qu’en examinant les influences américaines en éducation, nous pourrions découvrir le contexte continental de l’histoire de l’éducation bas-canadienne et comprendre davantage les tendances qui ont façonné l’expérience commune de l’éducation des deux côtés de la frontière.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.009 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".