Molecular variability of sunflower downy mildew,<i>Plasmopara halstedii</i>, from different continents
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Downy mildew of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), caused by the pathogen Plasmopara halstedii, is a potentially devastating disease. Seventy-seven isolates of P. halstedii collected in twelve countries from four continents were investigated for RAPD polymorphism with 21 primers. The study led to a binary matrix, which was subjected to various complementary analyses. This is the first report on the international genetic diversity of the pathogen. Similarity indices ranged from 89% to 100%. Neither a consensus unweighted pair group method with arithmetic means (UPGMA) tree constructed after bootstrap resampling of markers nor a principal component analysis based on distance matrix revealed very consistent clusterings of the isolates, and groups did not fit race or geographical origins. Phylogenies were probably obscured by limited diversity. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) and Nei's genetic diversity statistics gave similar conclusions. Most of the genetic diversity was attributable to individual differences. The most differentiated races also had the lowest within-diversity indices, which suggest that they appeared recently with strong bottleneck effects. Our analyses suggest that this pathogen is probably homothallic or has an asexual mode of reproduction and that gene flow among countries can occur through commercial exchanges. Knowledge of the downy mildew populations' structure at the international level will help to devise strategies for controlling this potentially devastating disease.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it