MATERNAL EFFECTS ON OFFSPRING MASS AND STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT AT BIRTH IN THE HARBOR SEAL,<i>PHOCA VITULINA</i>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We studied effects of maternal age, body mass, and parturition date on birth mass and stage of development at birth in harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) on Sable Island, Nova Scotia, over a 10-year period. As predicted, effects of maternal mass and age on pup traits varied with maternal age. Premature pups, characterized by extensive fetal pelage termed lanugo, weighed 20% less than newborns without lanugo and were born early in the season to low-body-mass females 4–6 years of age. Among intermediate-age females (7–10 years old), percentage of lanugo on pups was correlated negatively with female postpartum body mass but not with female age. Thus, maternal condition rather than age had stronger effects on stage of development of offspring at birth. Overall, maternal age explained 54% of the variance in birth mass, whereas postpartum mass of females explained only 20% of the variance. These relationships did not differ with sex of the pup, although male pups were 3.7% heavier than female pups. Effects of maternal age were strongest among young females; however, reproductive parity was more important than age itself in determining offspring birth mass.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".