Next step toward a molecular phylogeny of click‐beetles (<scp>C</scp>oleoptera: <scp>E</scp>lateridae): redefinition of <scp>P</scp>ityobiinae, with a description of a new subfamily <scp>P</scp>arablacinae from the <scp>A</scp>ustralasian <scp>R</scp>egion
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract E lateridae represents one of the largest families within C oleoptera, yet their interrelationships remain under‐investigated. Molecular data are missing for most lineages, especially for the species‐poor suprageneric taxa. In this study, we investigated the limits and phylogenetic position of P ityobiinae sensu Calder (1996), a group of several small genera from the N ew W orld and A ustralasia, using maximum likelihood and B ayesian inference methods. We merged new sequence data with those deposited in G en B ank, producing a final matrix of 178 terminal taxa and covering the main click‐beetle subfamilies. The resulting topologies showed E laterinae as sister to remaining click‐beetle lineages, and A grypninae as sister to the Morostomatinae + D endrometrinae + C ardiophorinae + N egastriinae clade. M embers of H emiopinae, L issominae, Thylacosterninae and P ityobiinae formed basal lineages within E lateridae − E laterinae. We found L issominae to be polyphyletic, including T hylacosterninae as a terminal lineage and with O estodini forming an independent lineage outside that clade. Therefore, the subfamily O estodinae stat. nov. was reinstated for the N orth A merican genera O estodes L eConte and B ladus L e C onte. The Australian genera D icteniophorus C andèze, D rymelater C alder and S tichotomus C andèze were transferred from D endrometrinae to E laterinae. P ityobiinae was recovered as two distant lineages in all analyses and correspondingly the subfamily is reduced to contain only the N orth A merican P ityobius L e C onte and tentatively the S outh A merican T ibionema S olier, for which we have no DNA sequences. Additionally, we propose P arablacinae subfam. nov. for the remaining former pityobiine genera from A ustralia and N ew Z ealand. The new subfamily includes P arablax S chwarz, M etablax C andèze, W ynarka C alder, X uthelater C alder, T asmanelater C alder, P arasaphes C andèze and also O phidius C andèze, which is transferred here from E laterinae. We failed to find universally diagnostic synapomorphies in adult morphology for P arablacinae, a common problem in elaterid taxonomy. Future research, including a comprehensive phylogeny of the subfamily and re‐examination of the morphology of its species is crucial to understanding the limits and classification of this lineage.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it