THE IN VITRO EFFECTS OF ISOMETAMIDIUM CHLORIDE (SAMORIN) ON THE PISCINE HEMOFLAGELLATE<i>CRYPTOBIA SALMOSITICA</i>(KINETOPLASTIDA, BODONINA)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Isometamidium chloride (Samorin) is therapeutic in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) during preclinical and chronic cryptobiosis. However, the toxic mechanism of isometamidium on Cryptobia salmositica has not been elucidated. The objective of the present study was to examine the in vitro effects of isometamidium on C. salmositica. Under in vitro conditions, isometamidium chloride reduced the infectivity of C. salmositica suspended in whole fish blood. It accumulated rapidly in the kinetoplast (within 1 min) and caused disruption and decantenation of kinetoplast DNA. The in vitro cryptobiacidal activity of isometamidium was reduced when parasites were incubated in medium containing serum supplement, suggesting that isometamidium also binds to plasma proteins. Isometamidium altered glycoprotein receptors (epitopes) for antibodies on the surface of C. salmositica and thus protected some of the parasites from lysis by complement-fixing antibodies. In vitro oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production decreased in drug-exposed C. salmositica, with increased products of glycolysis, i.e., lactate and pyruvate, after exposure to isometamidium. This suggests that some C. salmositica switched from aerobic respiration to glycolysis when the mitochondrion was damaged by isometamidium.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".