Bibliographic record
Abstract
Two linked Toronto strikes of street railway employees in 1886 are used to explore contrasting patterns of behaviour or “contentious performances” in Victorian city streets. Strikers led by the Knights of Labor exercised self-discipline when picketing so as to gain the support of the community and defeat the ironclad contract imposed by their anti-union employer. At a moment of working-class mobilization amid industrialization, these employees of a modern, mass-transportation firm deployed “emergent” union tactics. Positioning themselves as breadwinners and as citizens asserting their right to join a union, they deployed a choreographed masculinity encouraged by Knights leaders who strategized to win the disputes. By contrast, large crowds composed overwhelmingly of working-class men and boys demonstrated their disapproval of the street railway company and its anti-labour policy in unruly actions detailed in lively press accounts. The crowds’ transgressive actions point to a “residual” pattern of protest and spontaneous expressions of masculinity derived from boyhoods spent in the streets. Moreover, at times these crowds engaged in playful behaviour and brought into the streets more people drawn by the fun, thus adding momentum to the strikers’ campaign and helping to prompt the repressive measures taken by law enforcement. Abstract: Deux greves liees aux employes des tramways a Toronto en 1886 sont utilisees pour explorer des modeles contrastes de comportement ou de « performance litigieuse » dans les rues de la ville victorienne. Les grevistes menes par les Knights of Labor ont exerce l’autodiscipline en faisant du piquetage de maniere a obtenir le soutien de la communaute et a vaincre les mesures imposees par leur employeur antisyndical. A un moment de la mobilisation de la classe ouvriere au milieu de l’industrialisation, ces employes d’une societe moderne de transport en commun ont adopte des tactiques syndicales « emergentes ». Se positionnant comme des soutiens de famille et en tant que citoyens faisant valoir leur droit d’adherer a un syndicat, ils ont deploye une masculinite choregraphiee et encouragee par leurs dirigeants qui ont elabore des strategies pour gagner les disputes. En revanche, les grandes foules composees majoritairement des hommes et des garcons de la classe ouvriere ont manifeste leur desapprobation de la societe de transport en commun et de sa politique antisyndicale dans des activites indisciplinees et vivement detaillees dans les medias. Les actions transgressives des foules signalent un modele « residuel » de protestation et des expressions spontanees de la masculinite derivee de l’adolescence passee dans les rues. De plus, a certains moments ces foules se sont engagees dans un comportement ludique et ont introduit dans les rues plus de gens attires par le plaisir, ajoutant ainsi l’elan a la campagne de grevistes et aidant a inciter les mesures repressives prises par l’application de la loi.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.013 | 0.014 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".