SURVIVAL AND CAUSE-SPECIFIC MORTALITY OF FEMALE NORTHERN PINTAILS IN SOUTHERN SASKATCHEWAN
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Unlike most prairie-nesting ducks, the North American population of northern pintails (Anas acuta) has shown limited response to improved wetland conditions on the U.S. and Canadian prairies during the mid to late 1990s. Because adult female survival is a key parameter affecting waterfowl population dynamics, and a large fraction of annual mortality for some dabbling ducks occurs during the nesting season, we used radiotelemetry to estimate nesting season survival and cause-specific mortality of adult female northern pintails that were monitored during an induced renesting study. We conducted our research in a predominantly agricultural landscape in southern Saskatchewan during 1998–2000, an area that is typical of much of the pintail's prairie breeding range. The survival rate of 140 females for a 75-day interval (30 Apr–14 Jul) during the nesting season was 0.806 ± 0.046. Survival did not vary among years or between ages (second-year, after second-year), nor was it related to female body condition (body mass adjusted for structural size, date, and year of capture). We documented 15 mortalities and found that the 75-day mortality rate due to raptors (0.141 ± 0.040) was greater than that due to red fox (Vulpes vulpes; 0.011 ± 0.011), collisions with power lines (0.011 ± 0.011), or unknown factors (0.039 ± 0.027). Our results differ from prior research that indicated red fox was a major predator of female pintails during the nesting season. Raptors were the primary mortality agent for female pintails, perhaps because of limited exposure during incubation in our study, or the use of open habitats by pintails in southern Saskatchewan. Management programs that provide nesting or wetland habitats with overhead concealment, or that reduce perch sites for raptors in areas with high pintail densities, may decrease the risk of avian predation on female pintails.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".