Retinal Blood Flow and Retinal Blood Oxygen Saturation in Mild to Moderate Diabetic Retinopathy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between retinal blood flow (RBF) and retinal blood oxygen saturation (SO2) in mild to moderate nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) and in age-matched controls. METHODS: One eye of each of 15 healthy subjects (68 ± 6 years) and 13 subjects with mild to moderate NPDR (67 ± 10 years) was dilated. None of the patients with NPDR had received treatment for their retinopathic changes or had any evidence of sight-threatening characteristics. Doppler Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography blood flow was measured using the prototype RTVue system; six separate measurements each comprising an upper and a lower nasal pupil scan were acquired. Six hyperspectral retinal measurements were acquired using a noninvasive hyperspectral retinal camera (prototype H-8.5 HR Camera). RESULTS: Total RBF was significantly lower in NPDR when compared to controls (42.7 ± 7.5 vs. 33.0 ± 9.2 μL/min; P = 0.004). Mean retinal arterial and venular SO2 were higher in NPDR than in controls (94.7 ± 2.4% vs. 92.9 ± 1.6%, P = 0.02; 62.5 ± 5.7% vs. 56.3 ± 4.7%, P = 0.003). This study showed a correlation between RBF and arteriolar SO2 in both controls (r = 0.58, P = 0.02) and NPDR (r = 0.54, P = 0.05), but no correlation between venular RBF and venular SO2 in controls (r = 0.24, P = 0.83) or in NPDR (r = 0.23, P = 0.45). The arteriovenous difference (AV difference) was lower in the NPDR group when compared to controls (30.6 ± 6 vs. 36.7 ± 5.3, P = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS: This study found a lower total RBF and a lower AV difference in the NPDR group, suggesting a reduced oxygen uptake from the retina in people with relatively early diabetic retinopathy.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".