Costs of social dispersal in a polygynous mammal
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Evaluating the costs and benefits of dispersal on individual life history is critical to understanding its importance to ecology and evolution. In feral horses (Equus ferus caballus), females may permanently move among breeding groups (bands) during their lifetime (termed social dispersal). Here, we assess costs and benefits of adult female social dispersal using 7 years of movement and life history data from an individual-based study of feral horses on Sable Island. Using path and survival analyses, we explored relationships between social dispersal, female reproduction, and survival of offspring. Dispersal negatively correlated with a female’s next reproduction (probability to produce a living foal that was observed during our summer census) and reproductive success (RS) over the longer term (probability of producing foals in subsequent years). Females that dispersed had longer latency before next reproduction than nondispersing (philopatric) females. We could not measure costs in terms of induced abortions or neonatal survival, but we observed no evidence of infanticide during our summer censuses. Furthermore, overwinter survival of foals to 3 years of age was not affected by either dispersal of its mother before conception or as pregnant. Despite a 10% higher rate for foals dispersing with mothers to survive to 3 years compared with those of philopatric females, the difference was not statistically significant. Overall, our results suggest that dispersing individuals have lower RS that may be a cost of social dispersal on future reproduction.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".