Parameterization of the Optical Properties of Sulfate Aerosols in the Infrared
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Parameterizations of absorptance depth for ammonium sulfate [(NH4)2SO4], ammonium bisulfate (NH4HSO4), and sulfuric acid (H2SO4) in the infrared are provided for an eight-band model (covering 340–2500 cm−1) and for 32 individual wavenumbers in order to generate other band schemes. The parameterization is simple in form and in its dependence on relative humidity. It is found that the aerosol surface infrared forcing can cancel about 12%–24% aerosol surface solar forcing in a clear sky condition. Also the existence of clouds could enhance the ratio of aerosol surface infrared forcing to the aerosol surface solar forcing. In contrast to the solar case, a small mode size distribution does not always produce a larger aerosol surface forcing. Also it is found that the aerosol surface forcing is dependent on the aerosol location. Very simple analysis is presented to help understand the related physics on sulfate aerosol infrared radiative forcing.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".