Tree-Ring Reconstruction of High-Magnitude Snow Avalanches in the Northern Gaspé Peninsula, Québec, Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In eastern Canada, snow avalanches are a common phenomenon, but their occurrences remain poorly documented. In the last 30 yr, they were responsible for deaths and damage to property and forests in avalanche-prone areas in northern and eastern Québec. This study provides tree-ring–based avalanche chronologies for three scree slope stands in the northern Gaspé Peninsula (Québec). Tree-ring records indicated that high-magnitude avalanches occurred seven times during the period from 1860 to 1997, i.e., in 1871, 1898, 1952, 1956, 1966, 1977, and 1996, with 5- to 15-yr return intervals for the period between 1939 and 1997. High-magnitude avalanches occurred during snowy winters, with total snowfall well above average (330 cm). According to the size of past runout zones established from damaged trees at the main study stand, snow avalanches were greater in 1956 and 1966 than in 1996. The 1996 avalanche area was about 16,600 m2 of which 60% (10,000 m2) was covered with mature trees. It caused a ∼200-m recession of the tree line. Causal factors of snow avalanches including weather conditions and stand characteristics were also examined.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".