Atrazine exposure increases time until cannibalistic response in the widow skimmer dragonfly (<i>Libellula luctuosa</i>)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Agricultural runoff containing herbicide is known to have adverse effects on freshwater organisms. Aquatic insects are particularly susceptible, and herbicide runoff has the potential to affect behavior in this group. Here we examine the effects of short-term exposure to the herbicide atrazine on cannibalistic behavior in larvae of the widow skimmer dragonfly (Libellula luctuosa Burmeister, 1839). Large larvae (>12 mm length) were exposed to concentrations of 0, 1, 10, or 100 μg/L atrazine for 96 h. A smaller (<8 mm) conspecific was then placed with the large larva and the behavior of the large larvae was observed for 30 min. Time until initiation of stalking and time until strike were determined. After the initial 30 min, each pair was checked at 2, 4, 6, 24, and 48 h. Time of consumption and amount consumed were determined. The number of larvae that engaged in cannibalistic activity within the initial 30 min observation period was significantly higher for controls compared with all experimental treatments. When stalking, striking, and consumption times were examined together (a measure of overall response time), concentration had a significant effect with the 10 μg/L group taking significantly longer to cannibalize than the control group. Cannibalism is a particularly important behavior in dragonfly larvae populations, and this study confirms that this interaction is altered by exposure to atrazine, with the potential to affect ecological relationships.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".