Feeding Behavior of Spruce Budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Larvae Subjected to Multiple Exposures of <I>Bacillus thuringiensis</I> Variety <I>kurstaki</I>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Feeding behavior of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens), in multiple exposures to Foray 48B formulation of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner subsp. kurstaki (Btk) was studied in the laboratory. A significant proportion of fourth- and fifth-instar larvae that were exposed to a Btk-contaminated food completely abstained from feeding on that food, even if these larvae had not previously been exposed to Btk-contaminated food. The occurrence of this behavior was higher in fourth-instar than in fifth-instar larvae and decreased with increasing fifth-instar weight. It is suggested that only larvae that have a reduced appetite can successfully abstain from feeding on the Btk-contaminated food over a 24-h period and that active ingredients of Btk or fermentation byproducts associated with the crystal/spore suspension are involved in the process. Spruce budworm did not exhibit aversion learning to Btk, which lead us to conclude that the field efficiency of multiple Btk applications should not be reduced by the behavioral response of spruce budworm larvae.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".