Confirmation of External Fertilization in the American Lobster, Homarus Americanus
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Fertilization is external in some crustaceans and internal in others. In the nineteenth century, it was reported that the American lobster (Homarus americanus) fertilized its eggs externally using spermatozoa stored in the seminal receptacle. Later investigators questioned this assumption, noting that the spermatophoric mass is sealed inside the seminal receptacle by an impervious sperm plug that prevents the spermatozoa from exiting the seminal receptacle via the orifice. This led to suggestions that fertilization in homarid lobsters is internal via transitory connectives that form between the seminal receptacle and the ovary/oviduct at the time of oviposition. Supporting evidence was obtained from studies in which fertilization occurred even when the orifice of the seminal receptacle was sealed with epoxy. We here report selective occlusion studies that resolve this conundrum. At spawning, spermatozoa leave the seminal receptacle not through the sealed orifice, but via two grooves located posterior and lateral to the orifice. Occluding these posterolateral grooves as well as the orifice of the seminal receptacle prevents fertilization, whereas occluding only the orifice does not. This explains why earlier attempts to prevent fertilization by occluding the orifice of the seminal receptacle were unsuccessful, and confirms that fertilization in the American lobster is external.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it