A 0.009–1.4-GHz Frequency Synthesizer With Suppressed Transients During VCO Band Switching
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This brief presents a 0.009-1.4-GHz frequency synthesizer that is able to compensate for changes in the frequency tuning range, due to temperature variations, by switching voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) bands with minimal phase and frequency errors, without cycle slipping and without introducing any phase offsets. This is accomplished by a subthreshold capacitor bank switching circuit that causes the gradual addition of capacitance slowly enough to allow the loop to adjust the VCO control voltage to compensate. The additional circuitry uses less than 0.001 mm2of silicon area and has minimal power consumption and minimal effects on the synthesizer's phase noise when fully switched. The synthesizer used to demonstrate this was implemented in a 0.18-μm SiGe BiCMOS process and achieves 365-fs integrated jitter at 1.05 GHz, with a total power consumption of 81 mW. Measurements of the capacitor bank switching circuit shows that it prevents cycle slipping during band switching and reduces the maximum frequency deviation by 99.3%.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".