Screening of the Insecticidal Activity of Bacillus thuringiensis Strains Against Lygus hesperus (Hemiptera: Miridae) Nymphal Population
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Lygus hesperus Knight (Hemiptera: Miridae) is an economically important insect pest controlled primarily by chemical pesticides. Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner is a gram-positive bacterium that has been developed for the control of some insect pests in the orders Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, and Diptera. In this study, whole culture extracts of 94 B. thuringiensis strains from 83 serovars were added to an artificial diet and assayed against L. hesperus first and second instars. A total of five B. thuringiensis strains, B. thuringiensis variety thuringiensis, thuringiensis exotoxin +, morrisoni, tolworthi, and darmstadiensis generated > 98% mortality after 7 d of incubation. The screening was repeated with 117 alkali-solubilized trypsin-digested B. thuringiensis cultures and the same five B. thuringiensis strains showed nearly identical results. All five strains produce beta-exotoxin, which exhibits a wide host spectrum activity. No beta-exotoxin-minus B. thuringiensis strains showed significant toxicity against L. hesperus nymphs. The present work is one of the first thorough screenings of the wide diversity of the B. thuringiensis varieties for the control of L. hesperus nymphal populations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".