Study of the Melting Behavior in a PCM-Based Thermal Energy Storage
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Thermal energy storages are becoming important due to their significance in energy conservation as well as for the uninterrupted supply of thermal energy from renewable energy sources. The latent heat-based thermal energy storage systems utilizing phase change material (PCM) are gaining much attention due to some inherent advantages compared to sensible heat-based storage systems. However, the heat transfer process associated with the phase change in a PCM is complex and not well understood. In the present study, the melting process in a PCM-based thermal storage is experimentally studied. Two different configurations of the heat source were considered; horizontal and U-tube heat sources. The results show that the heat source shape has a significant influence on the solid to liquid phase change process (melting). The results also show that for the horizontal heat source configuration, the solid-liquid interface has a wavy profile, which is attributed to the convective cells in the melted domain of the PCM. These convective cells also influence the heat transfer coefficient, which decreased with an increase in the melted fraction. In U-tube configuration, the heat is non-uniformly transferred to the PCM domain.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".