Quantitative chemical ecology of the lingonberry fruitworm, Grapholita libertina Heinr
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The lingonberry or partridgeberry, Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. var. minus Lodd, is a low-growing ericaceous shrub, which produces edible berries that ripen in Newfoundland in mid-September. Grapholita libertina Heinrich, the lingonberry fruitworm, is a tortricid moth whose larvae feed within the lingonberry fruit. -- The objectives of this study were to identify sex attractants for G. libertina and to evaluate its use in monitoring and controlling populations in wild Newfoundland lingonberry fields. A synthetic sex attractant was developed from among chemicals attractive to other Grapholita species and tested in 1997 to monitor G. libertina populations. Identification of this attractant led to a series of questions. Could this attractant prove useful in estimating future larval infestations? What would be the most effective delivery system for this attractant? Could field trapping accurately predict flight? How similar is the synthetic male attractant to the naturally occurring female produced pheromone? -- Field trials were conducted with the sex attractant in 1998, 1999 and 2000 to correlate the adult trapping rate with the subsequent densities of larvae and damaged berries to examine the effects of berry distribution and heterogenous vegetation coverage in the wild. Trials in 1999 were conducted to determine the most effective trap design for monitoring G. libertina. The efficacy of mass trapping using sex attractants of G. libertina was tested in 2000 as a potential control measure. In addition, information on \npopulation trends and phenology of G. libertina were examined through recording of the flight season, degree day accumulations and population size. Field-collected G. libertina were reared in order to identify the naturally occurring female sex pheromone. Solid phase microextraction was used to collect insect effluvia and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry attempted to identify pheromone components and relative amounts in the pheromone blend. -- The results of this study indicated that a blend of: 85% E-8-dodecen-1-ol acetate, 10% Z-8-dodecen-1-ol acetate, and 5% Z-8-dodecen-1-ol was a suitable synthetic sex attractant for male G. libertina. The adult capture rate in Pherocon 1 C® wing traps was correlated with subsequent larval and damaged berry density in wild fields. Berry densities were important in determining the distributions of larvae and damaged berries when berry levels were low (1999), perhaps indicating that a limited or patchy host berry distribution affected female oviposition. Heterogenous vegetation present at study sites showed no significant effects. -- The Pherocon lC® wing trap was the most effective for use with the 85:10:5 blend. Mass trapping indicated a possible disruption of mate location by G. libertina, however no significant decrease in larval populations was noted. As a result of trapping, it was established that the adult male flight season extends over 6 weeks from late June to early August. The number of degree days above base 5° C required for 10% emergence was recorded as 270±20.5 by rearing, and 334±8.1 by field trapping. Identification of the female sex pheromone by gas chromatography- mass spectroscopy was not successful.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".