Iodide and bromide inhibit Ca<sup>2+</sup>uptake by cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Recent studies indicate that the Ca(2+) permeability of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) can be affected by its anionic environment. Additionally, anions could directly modulate the SR Ca(2+) pump or the movement of compensatory charge across the SR membrane during Ca(2+) uptake or release. To examine the effect of anion substitution on cardiac SR Ca(2+) uptake, fluorometric Ca(2+) measurements and spectrophotometric ATPase assays were used. Ca(2+) uptake into SR vesicles was inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner when Br(-) or I(-) replaced extravesicular Cl(-) (when Br(-) completely replaced Cl(-), uptake velocity was approximately 70% of control; when I(-) completely replaced Cl(-), uptake velocity was approximately 39% of control). Replacement of Cl(-) with SO(2)(-4) had no effect on SR uptake. Although both I(-) and Br(-) inhibited net Ca(2+) uptake, neither anion directly inhibited the SR Ca(2+) pump nor did they increase the permeability of the SR membrane to Ca(2+). Our results support the hypothesis that an anionic current that occurs during SR Ca(2+) uptake is reduced by the substitution of Br(-) or I(-) for Cl(-).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".