Bibliographic record
Abstract
While the role of private security in resource extraction and conflict situations has attracted considerable attention, its place in the provision of everyday security in the developing world has been the subject of much less debate. Yet it is here, in the routines of daily life, that private security is most pervasive and has some of its most extensive impacts and implications. This is particularly the case in the world’s fast expanding cities. For the first time in history, more than half the world’s population live in urban areas, and in Africa and Asia the urban population is forecast to double between 2000 and 2030, by which time towns and cities in the developing world will make up 81 per cent of urban humanity. In the past few years, urban security has become an issue of increasing prominence on the agendas of national governments, development agencies and international organizations, whether in the guise of human security or as part of more contentious claims about the potential connections between ‘feral cities’ and international terrorist networks. In the ever-shifting politics of security, the urban looks set to become one of the next big things.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".