Multiple Clutching in Southern Spotted Turtles, Clemmys guttata
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We examined the reproductive output of spotted turtles (Clemmys guttata) from a population in South Carolina. We used radio telemetry, palpation, and x-rays to monitor the reproductive condition of females over two field seasons. We present the first evidence for multiple clutching in a wild population of spotted turtles. Of 12 females with radio transmitters that became gravid, five produced second clutches, and one produced a third clutch. Average annual clutch frequency was 1.2 per female. Clutch frequency was independent of body size. We compared reproductive output among three populations: Ontario, Pennsylvania, South Carolina. Individual clutch sizes varied with latitude. Clutch size was largest in the north (mean = 5.3 eggs), midsized in the central population (3.9), and smallest in the south (2.9). We suggest that this pattern is related to seasonality differences, which result in different selective pressures on body size of females. Total annual egg production (the sum of all clutches within a reproductive season) by gravid females did not differ between the Ontario (5.3 eggs) and South Carolina populations (4.6). These data indicate that, although individual clutch sizes differ between northern and southern spotted turtles, total annual reproductive output is consistent in these widely separated populations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".