On the Potential Vorticity Balance on an Isentropic Surface during Normal and Anomalous Winters
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Data for 39 winters are used to compute the potential vorticity (PV) budget on the θ = 315 K isentropic surface over the Northern Hemisphere. The object is to compare the mechanisms that maintain the PV balance during normal winters with those that maintain the balance during winters with anomalies of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and Pacific–North American (PNA) types. On an isentropic surface that does not intersect the ground, which is usually the case for the 315 K surface, the mean seasonal flow must be such as to maintain a simple local balance between the diabatic and frictional sources/sinks of PV, the isentropic advection of PV by the mean seasonal flow, and the mean seasonal PV advection by the subseasonal transients. The climatology over the 39 winters shows that the main positive PV centers over the east coasts of Asia and Canada are maintained through a three-way balance among the upstream diabatic/frictional sources of PV, the PV advection by the mean seasonal flow, and that by the subseasonal transients. The transients with periods between 2 and 10 days and those with periods between 10 and 90 days are found to contribute about equally to the PV balance. The PV balance of NAO and PNA winter anomalies reveals that the PV advection by the subseasonal transients more systematically opposes the advection by the seasonal mean flow, so that the local PV source term is proportionately much less important than it is in the maintenance of climatological PV centers. The calculations were also made on the θ = 350 K and 450 K isentropes. The results are presented only briefly to highlight the main similarities and differences with those obtained at 315 K.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".