Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract British Columbia has seen near exponential growth in the areas of the Horn River and Montney unconventional shale gas plays situated in North Eastern B.C. (figure 1). The original gas in place volume for the Montney and the Horn River basins have not been formally calculated but have been estimated at more than 500 Tcf and continues to be revised upwards as new and more refined information is obtained as development takes place. The Cordova Embayment and Liard Basin, east and west respectively of the Horn River Basin, are at early stages of assessment but promise additional massive gas-in-place values. Approximately 5 years ago, industry experts were predicting a drastic reduction in viable gas production from the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin, and North America in general. Market predictions were favouring investment in import terminals for liquefied natural gas (LNG) where gas from offshore suppliers could be imported and moved through the North American transportation grid to market. Regulators were anticipating an influx of LNG facility applications as well as a myriad of infrastructure modifications to handle the resulting new flow regime. In five short years, this dire future has been completely reversed due to the advent of economically viable methods to access gas trapped in shales and similar tight formations. At the current rates of production and exploration, there are more than 20 year of gas reserves in BC, reversing a previous decline, as shown in Figure 2. British Columbia is ideally positioned to provide gas to North America with ready access to a number of major gas transportation pipelines including systems operated by TransCanada Pipelines, Spectra Energy Gas Transmission and the Alliance Pipeline. Many of these systems are undergoing significant capacity expansions to accommodate the influx of gas from these new plays. This paper will explore the challenges posed to regulators in moving rapidly from conventional vertical well developments to unconventional multi-well pads consisting of multiple fracture stimulated horizontal wells.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.006 | 0.005 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.075 | 0.011 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".