Characterizing the ageing of a geosynthetic clay liner through electrical resistivity
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In closed hazardous waste landfills, impermeable layered covers mainly composed of clays, geosynthetic clay liner (GCL) or geomembrane, etc. are used to seal in the waste to minimize water infiltration and accumulation of leachate inside the waste. An experimental site of landfill cap was realized with sodium-activated calcium bentonite GCL at a depth of 0.45 m covered by gravels and top soil. The monitoring of this site was performed during 32 months with measurements of weather conditions, and electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and geotechnical measurements at the end of the monitoring. The two different methods underlined that the GCL’s electrical resistivity decreased after 22 months subsequent to its installation; moreover, it was possible to detect the defects that had been made in the GCL prior to closure, to simulate factors affecting GCL performance. Thereby the analyses made on the GCL samples taken at two locations in the vicinity of the ERT profile highlighted changes in the intrinsic properties of the material. Changes in the proportion of sodium and calcium cations occurred and its hydraulic conductivity increased from 5 × 10 −11 to 3 × 10 −6 m/s. Thus, this study shows that electrical resistivity is suitable to characterize the ageing of a GCL.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".