BACULAR SIZE, GROWTH, AND ALLOMETRY IN THE LARGEST EXTANT OTARIID, THE STELLER SEA LION(<i>EUMETOPIAS JUBATUS</i>)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Bacula are relatively small in terrestrially mating species of pinnipeds (otariids and elephant seals, Mirounga), perhaps reflecting adaptive size reduction to minimize bacular fracture. Fur seals and sea lions (Otariidae) are a good group with which to investigate this question, because most species copulate solely on land and body size varies interspecifically. We studied bacular size and relative growth in the largest extant otariid, the Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus). Bacula roughly tripled in length and increased 30-fold in mass between 1 and 8 years of age. Allometric relationships changed over development; bacular length and mass changed from being initially positively allometric to body length to negatively allometric and isometric, respectively; bacular mass and thickness were positively allometric to body length throughout life, and apical growth was isometric then was positively allometric to bacular length. In adults (>7 years of age), bacula averaged 18.1 cm length (6.2% of body length), 36.7 g mass, and 2.02 g/cm density (mass : length). The baculum of Eumetopias is about the same length relative to body length as in other adult male otariids but is about twice the density, presumably to increase strength. Information on small or aquatically mating species of otariid are needed to extend our findings and interpretations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".