Mechanisms of acid–base regulation in seawater-acclimated green crabs (<i>Carcinus maenas</i>)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The present study investigated acid–base regulatory mechanisms in seawater-acclimated green crabs (Carcinus maenas (L., 1758)). In full-strength seawater, green crabs are osmoconformers so that the majority of the observed responses were attributed to ion fluxes based on acid–base compensatory responses alone. Similar to observations in brackish-water-acclimated C. maenas, seawater-acclimated green crabs exposed to hypercapnia rapidly accumulated HCO 3 − in their hemolymph, compensating for the respiratory acidosis caused by excess hemolymph pCO 2 . A full recovery from the decreased hemolymph pH after 48 h, however, was not observed. Gill perfusion experiments on anterior gill No. 5 indicated the involvement of all investigated genes (i.e., bicarbonate transporters, V-(H + )-ATPase, Na + /K + -ATPase, K + -channels, Na + /H + -exchanger, and carbonic anhydrase) in the excretion of acid–base equivalents. The most significant effects were observed when targeting a potentially cytoplasmic and (or) basolaterally localized V-(H + )-ATPase, as well as potentially basolaterally localized bicarbonate transporter (likely a Na + /HCO 3 − -cotransporter). In both cases, H + accumulated in the hemolymph and CO 2 excretion across the gill epithelium was significantly reduced or even reversed when blocking bicarbonate transporters. Based on the findings in this study, a working model for acid–base regulatory mechanisms and their link to ammonia excretion in the gill epithelium of C. maenas has been developed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".