Bibliographic record
Abstract
Changes in the naturally occurring modes of extratropical annual mean and zonal mean zonal wind variability are investigated using National Centers for Environmental Prediction–National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP–NCAR) reanalyses and Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis (CCCma) global climate model simulations. In the Northern Hemisphere, the first and second modes are primarily stratospheric and tropospheric in character, respectively. The surface pressure manifestations of these modes are intimately linked to the Arctic Oscillation (AO), and together suggest separate stratospheric and tropospheric origins for the AO. In the Southern Hemisphere, the first mode describes north–south shifts in the polar front jet accompanied by polar stratospheric jet fluctuations and Antarctic Oscillation (AAO)-like surface pressure anomalies. The second mode is primarily tropospheric and describes interannual changes in the strength and position of the polar front jet. The leading observed modes appear unchanged in strength since the 1950s except in the Northern Hemisphere where the second mode shows some evidence of increasing strength. The leading simulated modes appear unchanged in strength since the beginning of the twentieth century, and are predicted to remain so to the end of the twenty-first century. In all cases the leading modes are superimposed upon significant mean change, which when not properly accounted for can lead to erroneous conclusions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".