Assessment of current design procedures for conical tanks under seismic loading
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study is motivated by the fact that no design provisions currently exist specifically for conical tanks under seismic excitations. The design of liquid storage structures is governed by the American Water Works Association (AWWA), American Petroleum Institute (API), or Eurocode 8. An approximate method based on replacing the conical tank with an equivalent cylinder is given in these design codes. The state of stresses in conical tanks is different than that of cylindrical tanks. A previously established equivalent mechanical model is used to determine the response of a number of conical tanks under horizontal excitations. The models incorporate the different components of the hydrodynamic pressure and account for flexibility of the tank walls. Using an assortment of seismic hazard areas, the maximum base shear force and overturning moment are evaluated for a number of conical tanks. Those are compared to the corresponding values predicted by the design codes using the equivalent cylinder approach. The results reveal that this approximate approach is not adequate for designing conical tanks to resist seismic excitations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.007 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".