Review Article The concept of substantial equivalence in safety assessment of foods derived from genetically modified organisms
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Foods derived from genetically modified organisms have been on the market in many countries, predominantly in the USA and in Canada, for more than five years now without any reports of adverse effects on human health. Safety assessment criteria have been the subject of early discussions among competent international and national organisations and institutions and have led to the development of guidelines. Common to all guidelines is the principle of substantial equivalence as a reasonable approach to identifying differences between novel foods and their traditional counterparts. In order to safeguard the food supply, differences are subject to further analyses with regards to their impact on human health. There has been a consensus among competent authorities and the scientific community, with respect to food safety, that the placing on the market of novel foods, regardless of whether they are a substantial equivalent or not, is only acceptable if they are as safe as the existing traditional products with which they can be compared. However, the concept of substantial equivalence itself has also been subject to criticism that calls for further discussion.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.017 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".