Redox Mechanisms and Reactive Oxygen Species in Antibiotic Action and Resistance
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The majority of antibiotics in clinical and agricultural use are derived from secondary metabolites of bacteria, fungi, and plants. This chapter discusses the roles of redox chemical biology in antibiotic action and resistance. Bleomycin is a glycopeptide anticancer antibiotic produced by Streptomyces verticillus. Antimicrobial toxicity is dependent on the reduction of the nitro group via electron transport components, generating a nitro anion radical and breakdown compounds such as nitroso and hydroxylamine derivatives. The nitro anion radicals generated through the reduction by ferredoxin or flavodoxin, may oxidize from the presence of molecular oxygen. Bacterial killing was attenuated by the addition of the iron chelator 2,2'-dipyridyl and the radical scavenger thiourea. The physiological state of microbes also has an important role in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antibiotic action. Pseudomonas aeruginosa in liquid culture was more susceptible to oxidative stress generated by the antibiotics ceftazidime or piperacillin than during biofilm growth. MexR is a stable homodimer and functions as a transcriptional repressor and is a member of the MarA family transcriptional regulators. Redox and ROS have long been underexplored in antibiotic action and resistance but studies over the past decade have unequivocally demonstrated their importance in this field.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it