Bone geometry and strength are adapted to muscle force in children and adolescents perinatally infected with HIV.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: To determine if bone health is compromised in perinatally HIV-infected youth. METHODS: We assessed BMC at the proximal femur, lumbar spine and total body using DXA in perinatally HIV-infected youth (n=31; 9-18y). Using pQCT, we assessed muscle CSA, total and cortical bone area, cortical BMD and thickness and strength strain index at the tibial shaft. Thirty and 18 participants returned at 12- and 24-months, respectively. We calculated age- and sex-specific z-scores for the HIV-infected youth using data from a healthy cohort (n=883; 9-18y). RESULTS: At baseline, height and MCSA were reduced in HIV-infected youth (-0.79 to -0.23, p<0.05). BMC z-scores adjusted for height and lean mass were lower than controls at all sites except the lumbar spine (-0.57 to -0.27, p<0.05). Bone area and strength z-scores were not different from zero after adjusting for tibial length and MCSA. In contrast, cortical BMD z-scores were greater in HIV-infected youth (0.46, p=0.011). Z-scores for all bone outcomes showed positive trends over time in HIV-infected youth. CONCLUSION: Although HIV infection may be associated with bone mass deficits during growth, bone geometry and strength appear adapted to muscle force. Further, deficits in bone mass may dissipate over time in this population.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".