Rust-spotted North American Ginseng Roots: Phenolic, Antioxidant, Ginsenoside, and Mineral Nutrient Content
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Rusty root is a major problem in ginseng production worldwide as it reduces root quality. Full characterization of rusty root is unavailable, and necessary for development of effective control measures. A comparison of phenolics, antioxidants, ginsenosides, and mineral nutrient content of rusted and non-rusted tissue from disease-free roots is reported. Periderm and adjacent tissues of 4-year-old North American ginseng roots ( Panax quinquefolius L.) had a total phenolic content of 3.05 mg·g -1 dry weight (as gallic acid equivalents), which was increased 53% by rust-spotting. Antioxidant activity increased with phenolic content and was 33% higher (3.6 vs. 2.7 mg·g -1 dry weight as ascorbic acid equivalents) in rust-spotted tissue. Total ginsenoside content was higher (139.1 vs. 119.4 mg·g -1 ) in healthy than in rust-spotted tissue, the latter reflecting a significant decrease in four of the major ginsenosides (Rb 2 , Rc, Rd, and Re). The Rg group was higher (38.0 vs. 29.9 mg·g -1 ) in healthy than in rust-spotted tissue. The mineral elements N, P, Ca, Mg, Zn, Mn, and Fe were higher, and K lower (21%) in rust-spotted tissue than in healthy tissue.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".