Why do Chinese people with COPD continue smoking: the attitudes and beliefs of Chinese residents of Vancouver, Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is currently one of the most common chronic lung diseases and a growing cause of global morbidity and mortality.Smoking is the most important risk factor for its development, and about 20% of smokers develop COPD.This study took place in Metro Vancouver, Canada.The aim of the study was to compare and contrast the smoking habits and associated beliefs among two groups of Chinese people after receiving a diagnosis of COPD: those who successfully stopped smoking and those who continued to smoking.Ninety one Mandarin or Cantonese speaking patients with COPD, of whom 24 were current smokers and 67 were former smokers, participated in individual semi-structured interviews.Participants were recruited with the assistance of primary care physicians and respirologists in the Metro Vancouver.Data were analyzed using hand coding for qualitative content analysis.Differences between the two groups were assessed.Smoking experience, social influences, addiction/habit, and the advantages and disadvantages of smoking were identified.In particular, differences between smokers and former smokers found in terms of beliefs that smoking helps relaxation and reduces COPD anxiety and stress, and that smoking is a psychological habit that cannot give up easily.Significant information on barriers to successful smoking cessation was also elucidated.This study suggests we need to first understand Chinese smokers' internal motivations to quit and then assist with culturally and linguistically relevant smoking cessation counselling.Further research is needed to determine if communication regarding tobacco use that is targeted toward the Chinese-speaking population in North America improves cessation rates. Keywords: smoking, beliefs, attitudes, COPD, Chinese communities, differences between quitting versus non quitting subjectsWhat is known about this subject?• While most individuals understand the benefits of smoking cessation and many who are diagnosed with COPD quit smoking, some Chinese people with COPD continue to smoke.• Despite knowing about the harmful effects of smoking, Chinese people with COPD report difficulties in cutting down or quitting smoking: high nicotine dependence, breaking lifelong smoking habits, and lack of motivation.• Having respiratory symptoms is not reason enough to quit smoking.Many Chinese people with COPD continue to smoke because they feel regarded their illness as self-inflicted and believe themselves to be unworthy of smoking cessation assistance.• Long-term behavioural support increases the number of ex-smokers; interventions that promote smoking cessation may be more effective when counselling and behavioural treatments are perceived relevant to individual need. What this paper adds• Insight into Chinese people's perceptions of the consequences of smoking and their beliefs about the likelihood that they will develop COPD.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".