Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction The 50-th anniversary of the International Geophysical Year (IGY 1957-1958) attracts the attention of researchers and historians of science, since during the period of IGY on the basis of international cooperation there were for the first time carried out global geophysical studies of our planet. They allowed to obtain impressive scientific results, recognized by the general public and had an effect on the results of scientific studies of subsequent epochs. A special place in the IGY program was held by visual observations of aurorae, which provided a unique possibility, for those times, to determine the regions of intrusion of energetic charged particles into the upper atmosphere from the outer space and their dynamics (based on observations in high latitudes) or the level of planetary geophysical activity (based on observations in middle and low latitudes). The program of visual observations of aurorae had a mark of personal interest of CSAGY President and Reporter for Aurora and Airglow S.Chapman in those studies. W.Schroder (EOS, 88, N12, 20 March, 2007), when discussing the history of the organization and the carrying out of visual auroral observations, mentions the names of researchers from the USA (C.Gartlein and G.Sprague), England (J.Paton), Germany (C.Hoffmeister), Canada (P.Millmann). Meanwhile, in the international planning and then during the organizing of such observations in the Soviet Union, an exclusively important part was played by concrete scientists rather than by impersonal Soviet Academy of Sciences or the Geophysical Committee. We, who used to be active participants in the IGY program have decided to make the filling of this extensive gap in Schroder’s description.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".