Piercings and tattoos: psychopathological aspects
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: Piercing and tattoos are promoted by fashion and the media and are becoming more and more popular, especially among young people. The number of young adults acquiring body modification has increased in recent years. Different studies showed a correlation between body modification and self-harm behaviors. The present study investigates the correlation between piercing and tattoo and different psychological and personality disorders. METHODS: The study involved 121 samples (age years 23.78 with 3.999 SD – standard deviation). From 121 involved samples, 60 (29 females, 31 males) had not body modifications, 25 have acquired tattoos (48 females, 21 males) and 36 have acquired piercing (24 females, 12 males). All subjects were evaluated using inventory auto somministration. The following tests we re performed: Psychological General WellBeing Index (PGWBI), the Self-Harm Inventory (SHI), the Borderline Syndrome Index (BSI), the Dissociative Experience Scale (DES II), the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS20). Data were statistically analyzed by SPSS Tool using one way ANOVA for normally distributed samples, Chi-Square Test and Cross-Tabulation Test. RESULTS: The statistical analysis of acquired results showed a signific ant correlation between body modifications and psychological and personality disorder and psychopathologies. TAS-20 test results highlighted a significant difference between tattoo and piercing groups and control group (F=29.066; p=0.000). The tattoo group showed results closed to alexithymic values. The SHI test proved a significant difference between groups related to self-harm behaviors too (F=80.416; p=0.000). PGWBI results suggest a link between body modification and psychological goodness (F=19.522; p=0.000): precisely the body modifications affect negatively the psychological goodness. The ANOVA clearly shows a significant correlation between piercing and tattoo groups and psychological distress. As regards the dissociative disorder evaluation, while the DES II test results of all groups are within the healthy people common range; however the ANOVA highlights a significant trend towards dissociative disorder limit for piercing and tattoo groups. The ANOVA statistical evaluation of BSI test results provides evidence of borderline disorders on piercing group samples. The tattoo group lays on the test healthy range but the results show a significant higher mean value on the tattoo group compared with control group. Chi-square test, used to highlight all possible connections between analyzed variabconfirmed a significant correlation only between PGWBI results and number of tattoos and piercing and between gender and body modification type, tattoos prevail on male samples while piercing on female ones. CONCLUSION: The study successfully achieved the propos ed objectives, proving statistically
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".