Biological control of Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense) in South Dakota
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Canada thistle, Cirsium arvense L., is an aggressive invasive species that is found in the northern United States and not easily controlled by chemical and mechanical methods. Integrating biological control agents with other methods may improve control. This study investigated the effects of Canada thistle gall fly (Urophora cardui Diptera: Tephritidae); Canada thistle stem or crown weevil (Ceutorhynchus litura Coleoptera: Curculionidae); Canada thistle bud weevil (Larinus planus Coleoptera: Curculionidae); and Canada thistle tortoise beetle (Cassida rubiginosa Coleoptera: Chysomelidae) on Canada thistle at three SD sites 1997 and 1998, about three years after initial release. Active stem weevil larvae were found in all release sites early in the season (May, June). Bud weevils were found in a limited number of plants in July. Galls and gall fly larvae were found late in the season. Defoliation from the tortoise beetle was not noted at the one site of release. Total nonstructural carbohydrate (TNC) contents of roots were 50% lower in roots from release sites compared to TNC levels in roots from control sites at two locations in 1998. Since Canada thistle infestations rely on roots for survival, reduction of root TNC may be an important mechanism to reduce patch vigor, and ultimately, Canada thistle’s importance in the SD landscape.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it