Biological control of Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense) in South Dakota
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Canada thistle, Cirsium arvense L., is an aggressive invasive species that is found in the northern United States and not easily controlled by chemical and mechanical methods. Integrating biological control agents with other methods may improve control. This study investigated the effects of Canada thistle gall fly (Urophora cardui Diptera: Tephritidae); Canada thistle stem or crown weevil (Ceutorhynchus litura Coleoptera: Curculionidae); Canada thistle bud weevil (Larinus planus Coleoptera: Curculionidae); and Canada thistle tortoise beetle (Cassida rubiginosa Coleoptera: Chysomelidae) on Canada thistle at three SD sites 1997 and 1998, about three years after initial release. Active stem weevil larvae were found in all release sites early in the season (May, June). Bud weevils were found in a limited number of plants in July. Galls and gall fly larvae were found late in the season. Defoliation from the tortoise beetle was not noted at the one site of release. Total nonstructural carbohydrate (TNC) contents of roots were 50% lower in roots from release sites compared to TNC levels in roots from control sites at two locations in 1998. Since Canada thistle infestations rely on roots for survival, reduction of root TNC may be an important mechanism to reduce patch vigor, and ultimately, Canada thistle’s importance in the SD landscape.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".