A novel virus capture assay reveals a differential acquisition of host HLA-DR by clinical isolates of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 expanded in primary human cells depending on the nature of producing cells and the donor source
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Previous findings indicated that HLA-DR is probably one of the most abundant cellular constituents incorporated within the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope. Given that the life-cycle of HIV-1 has been reported to be modulated by virion-bound host HLA-DR, an improved version of a virus capture technique was developed to assess the degree of HLA-DR incorporation in several clinical isolates of HIV-1 derived from primary human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM). Analysis of virus stocks purified from PBMCs and MDM indicated that primary isolates of HIV-1 bearing distinct tropism (i.e. T-, macrophage-, and dual-tropic) all incorporate host cell membrane HLA-DR protein. The amount of incorporated HLA-DR varies among the primary HIV-1 isolates tested. Propagation of some clinical HIV-1 isolates in either autologous PBMCs or MDM resulted in differential incorporation of virion-bound cellular HLA-DR depending on the nature of the virus producer cells. Differences in the degree of HLA-DR incorporation were also noticed when macrophage-tropic isolates of HIV-1 were produced in MDM from different donors. Altogether these data show that the efficiency of HLA-DR incorporation into the envelope of primary isolates of HIV-1 is a multifactorial phenomenon since it is affected by the virus isolate itself, the nature of host cells (i.e. PBMCs or MDM) and the donor source.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".