Textile and Apparel Barriers and Rules of Origin in a Post-ATC World
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Although textile and apparel imports from most countries entered the United States quota free after the expiration of the Agreement on Textiles and Clothing on January 1, 2005, substantial quantitative restraints remained for Chinese and Vietnamese imports. These countries were respectively the first and eighth largest exporters of textiles and apparel to the United States, so these quantitative restraints remain important barriers to U.S. imports. This paper uses the USAGE– ITC model to estimate U.S. welfare gains and sectoral impacts of removing the remaining restraints on textiles and apparel imports. This analysis includes a new and detailed examination of textile and apparel preferential rules of origin. The shocks applied in the simulation include large declines in foreign demand for U.S. textile inputs in sectors in which U.S. exports are currently driven by rules of origin, and export price reductions that would accompany the elimination of rule-of-origin compliance costs in these sectors. Liberalization of textile and apparel barriers and rules of origin is estimated to increase U.S. welfare by $3.4 billion (net) while decreasing U.S. textile and apparel output by $11.0 billion. Eliminating only quantitative restraints provides over half of the welfare gain but causes less than 2 percent of the output loss, with a large decline only in the sock sector. Tariff elimination provides about one quarter of the welfare gain at a cost of 13.3 percent of the output loss, while elimination of rules of origin accounts for the remaining 23.3 percent of increased welfare and 84.9 percent of the overall output reduction.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".