Terrestrial habitat and ecology of Fowler's toads (Anaxyrus Fowleri)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Habitat loss is the primary driver of global amphibian declines and thus preserving habitat is our best hope for preserving species at risk. The habitat needs of amphibians are complex due to terrestrial and aquatic requirements throughout their life history. Many pond breeding amphibians spend the majority of their life cycle within terrestrial environments and thus terrestrial habitats are critical to their persistence. Cryptic and fossorial behavior makes observations of amphibians in terrestrial habitats difficult. Our knowledge of the terrestrial ecology of amphibians is therefore incredibly limited. I review the literature on habitat loss, amphibian declines and terrestrial habitat use by amphibians with specific attention to refuge seeking behavior (CHAPTER ONE). I used radio-tracking to investigate the behavior of Fowler's toads (Bufo fowleri) in the beach dune ecosystem of Long Point, Ontario. Refuge seeking behavior by these animals is associated with specific components of the dunes and is predictable based on elevation, slope and distance from the lakeshore. Refuge sites placement is not random, but instead represent a trade-off between risk and reward (CHAPTER TWO). Philopatry in Fowler's Toads is driven by fidelity to refugia. These locations are used repeatedly on consecutive days, and even when they are not new sites within 10 meters of the previous day's refuge are most often chosen. Occasionally, however toads relocate their refuge sites as much as 700 m overnight (CHAPTER THREE). This contributes to the wide variation in the home range sizes of Fowler's Toads, as does method of calculation and search effort, while there is little apparent influence of intrinsic biological factors. The effect of search effort on range size is reduced in robust location data sets with more than thirty locations for each animal. A minimum home range estimate of 3517m2 is suggested under the caveat that range sizes may have no hard upper limit (CHAPTER FOUR).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".