Sea level Atlantic-to-Arctic: an examination of the altimeter record
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We explore changes in the ocean circulation in the Atlantic, Nordic Seas, and Arctic during the past two decades through examination of the combined historical satellite altimeter sea level record. On seasonal timescales sea level variations have amplitudes of 1-5cm with a phase in shallow seas (e.g. Barents Sea) that lags the seasonal cycle in the open ocean by 2-3 months. The cause of this phase lag is related to the change in phase lag with depth of steric anomalies in this region. The difference in phase lag induces currents along regions of topographic gradient of a few cm/s. On interannual timescales the altimeter record reveals 4.5-5.5 cm anomalies in the sub-Arctic gyre and Norwegian Sea, and smaller 2.5 cm in the Barents and Greenland Seas. As in the case of the seasonal cycle, interannual variations in sea level are shown to be related to steric changes (determined from examination of the historical hydrographic archive), where salinity changes in the Greenland and Norwegian Seas in particular play an important role. In contrast, wind forcing plays an important role in the the northern Barents Sea. Finally we examine the trend over the full 18-year record. Everywhere in the Nordic Seas sea level has increased. The highest rate of rise is about 7 mm/yr which occurs in the Labrador Sea near the south-east coast of Greenland. In the center of Norwegian Sea maximum the rate is 5 mm/yr, while in the Baltic Sea it changes from 2.5 mm/yr on south to practically zero on north.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".