Fate and transport of herbicides used in growing transgenic canola in Quebec soils
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Canola is the second most important oilseed crop after soybean. More than 90% of the canola crop grown in the world is transgenic. Before this crop is grown more extensively in Quebec, there is a need to assess environmental risks associated with genetically engineered canola, mainly Roundup Ready (glyphosate- resistant) and Liberty Link (glufosinate-resistant) varieties. We have conducted a field study to compare and contrast the fate and transport of glyphosate and glufosinate herbicides in soil (used in transgenic canola production), with trifluralin, a herbicide commonly used with non-transgenic (conventional) canola cultivars. Yield data were also collected in each test plot. Three treatments were assigned (type of transgenic canola, variety, and plant stage at which herbicide application was made), in quadruplicate, in a completely randomized block design set up at two sites: Emile A. Lods Agronomy Research Centre in the Macdonald Campus of McGill University and the Normandin site of Agriculture and Agri food Canada. Soil samples were collected from two depths, 0-0.15 m and 0.15-0.30 m, at different times (1, 7 and 20 days) after herbicide application, during the growing season. Non-significant yield differences were observed between herbicide-resistant and conventional canola grown in Quebec. Glufosinate was found to be the least persistent herbicide (half-life = 7 days), while trifluralin was found to have the longest persistence in the soil (half-life = 54 days). The overall order of persistence was Trifluralin > Glyphosate > Glufosinate. Negligible leaching was observed in case of glyphosate and glufosinate to a depth of 0.30 m. Since glyphosate was found to be highly adsorbed on to the topsoil at the Lods site, herbicide concentrations were recalculated for the top 2 mm of soil, as per published literature, and they were very high, thus heightening concerns for polluted surface runoff. Trifluralin was found at the lower depth (0.15-0.30 cm) at 7 and 20 days after herbicide application, with higher (relative to each herbicide's level in the soil one day after application) residual concentrations than herbicides used in herbicide resistant (HR) canola.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".