Accumulation of Trace Metals in Freshwater Invertebrates in Stormwater Management Facilities
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Availability and uptake of metals in the accumulated sediments in stormwater treatment facilities was assessed by the metal accumulation patterns observed in freshwater mussels, as the first step in an Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA). Freshwater mussels, Elliptio complanata, were caged in various locations in several stormwater treatment facilities and control sites in southeastern Ontario. Mussels were sampled at 2, 5.5, 8, 11 and 14 weeks, and Ni, Cr, Cu, Cd and Pb concentrations in soft tissues were determined by ICP-MS. Selection of these metals was based on previous studies which had identified them in substantial quantities in stormwater pond sediments. A significant decrease in Ni concentrations and an increase in Pb concentrations relative to background levels were observed. Concentrations of Cu, Cd and Cr were generally not significantly different from background. Total metal concentrations in sediments were also determined, and compared with the observed mussel metal concentrations. No correlations were observed between total metals in sediment and the accumulated burden in the mussels. The results suggest that Pb is a possible concern in these stormwater facilities due to its availability. Ni, Cr and Cd did not appear to be in bioavailable forms and Cu had limited availability. The study was complementary to other work examining trace metals in stormwater management facilities, and provides further useful information about the habitat quality of these facilities, and the ecotoxicological risks that might be posed to resident species.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".