Bibliographic record
Abstract
The multi-year coastal monitoring program that began in 2011 continued on the Island of Newfoundland and southern Labrador in 2013. The objectives are to: 1) delineate coastal areas at risk from hazards including flooding, erosion and mass movement, 2) assess rates of shoreline erosion, 3) determine changes in beach profiles and 4) assess which physical processes are causing coastal change. To date, 104 sites have been surveyed, of which 57 were studied in 2013. Site selection was based on availability of prior data, ensuring a cross-section of the Province is included, evidence of a hazard, or upon the request of a community. This research uses and builds upon data from a coastal monitoring program conducted by the Geological Survey of Canada (GSC) that began in 1981, and there are several sites with sufficient data that rates of coastal change can be adequately quantified. This report analyzes data collected in 1998 and 2002 by the GSC and in 2011 and 2013 by the Geological Survey of Newfoundland and Labrador (GSNL) for Holyrood Pond, a barrier-beach and coastal-cliff site located on the southern Avalon. Between 1998 and 2011, the flanks of the cliff receded at an average rate of 44 cm per year (cm/a) with a range of 22 to 74 cm/a. Between 1998 and 2013, the centre of the cliff receded at an average rate of 59 cm/a with a range of 19 to 100 cm/a. Results from Holyrood Pond and other sites studied in this program provide additional evidence that coastal retreat is variable and rapid in the Province. When available, coastal monitoring data will be accessible through the Geological Survey’s Resource Atlas.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.007 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.006 | 0.009 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".