Surface Polysaccharide Extraction and Quantification
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Gram-negative bacterial cells possess two membranes - the inner cytoplasmic membrane and the outer membrane. The two membranes are distinct in their composition; the inner membrane is composed of a phospholipid bilayer, whereas the outer membrane (OM) is composed of an asymmetrical bilayer, with the outer leaflet containing lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (Raetz and Whitfield, 2002). Surface polysaccharides, such as LPS O-antigen, or capsular polysaccharide, are often tightly associated with the OM (Whitfield, 2006). This tight association can be used to generate a rough quantification of surface polysaccharides of Gram-negative bacterial cells, as the OM can easily be dissociated from cells without associated cell lysis (Brimacombe et al., 2013). The following method describes how to quickly extract and quantify OM-associated polysaccharides.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.005 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.008 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".