Finite Element Simulation For Shear Failure of Wrinkled Pipeline
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Buried pipelines may be subjected to various complicated combinations of forces and deformations. This may result in localized curvature, strains, and associated deformations in the pipe wall. As a result, wrinkles may form. The wrinkled pipeline may then develop a fracture and even rupture in the pipe wall and lose its structural integrity if it is subjected to further sustained deformation. An NPS 10 field line pipe ruptured due to tearing in the pipe wall in the wrinkle region. It was felt that the wrinkle was subjected to shear deformation that resulted in tearing type rupture. Numerical study using non-linear finite element (FE) method was carried out to study the possible loaddeformation history that may cause this type of failure. A detailed FE model was developed and analyzed to study the behavior of a wrinkled pipeline subjected to axial and shear deformation. The study shows that the combination of axial and shear deformations can introduce tearing type rupture in the wrinkle region the way the NPS10 field line pipe ruptured. This paper discusses the FE modeling technique and the results obtained from the FE analysis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".