Development and validation of a simple tape-based measurement tool for recording cervical rotation in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: comparison with a goniometer-based approach.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To compare a tape-based tool for measuring cervical mobility in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) with the widely practiced goniometer-based approach. METHODS: We developed a novel tape-based approach to measurement of lateral cervical rotation of the neck that is minimally affected by flexion/extension movements of the neck. This requires measurement of the difference between a mark at the suprasternal notch and the tragus of the ear. Rotation score is measured in centimeters and constitutes the difference in length between the 2 extremes of cervical rotation (http://www.arthritisdoctors.org/researcher.html). We assessed the tape-based and goniometer-based methods in a total of 263 patients from 3 countries, Canada (n = 205), Australia (n = 29), and Colombia (n = 29), that included patients from community and tertiary-based practice. Intra- and interobserver reliability was assessed in a subset of 44 patients by ANOVA and a 2-way mixed effects model. The Bath AS Disease Activity (BASDAI) and Function (BASFI) Indices, and the modified Stoke AS Spinal Score (mSASSS), were also recorded to assess construct validity by correlation coefficient and regression analysis. Responsiveness was assessed in a subset of 33 patients that were either randomized to anti-tumor necrosis factor-a therapy:placebo (n = 22) or received open label infliximab (n = 4) or pamidronate (n = 7) over a period of 24 weeks. RESULTS: Scores obtained with the tape-based method were normally distributed, while those obtained using the goniometer were skewed towards normal values. Reliability for the goniometer-based approach was excellent [intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) > 0.90] and very good for the tape-based approach (ICC > 0.80). Significant correlations were noted between age, disease duration, function and structural damage scores, and scores obtained with both methods. Responsiveness was high using raw scores obtained with the goniometer (standardized response mean > 0.80) but was not evident when the grading scheme proposed for the Bath AS Metrology Index (BASMI) was employed. CONCLUSION: The tape-based approach we describe provides a simple, feasible, and reliable index of cervical rotation that is comparable to the information obtained from the use of a goniometer. If the goniometer-based approach is used, raw scores should be used in the calculation of responsiveness rather than the grading scheme suggested in the BASMI.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.006 | 0.012 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".