Proton MRSI of Tourette Syndrome at 3.0 Tesla: Abnormalities of the Cortico-Striato-Thalamo-Cortical Circuit
Bibliographic record
Abstract
NAA in components of the CSTC circuit, specifically, left and right caudate nuclei, thalami, and frontal grey matter. We hypothesize that children with Tourette Syndrome will exhibit abnormalities in neuronal density, as assessed by NAA measurement, in some or all of these regions reflecting an aberrant CSTC circuit. Methods Eight boys with Tourette Syndrome (ages 7-15 years) and 12 healthy boys (ages 6-15 years) were recruited from the local community. The groups did not differ in age, sex, race, or handedness. Patients were interviewed with the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Childhood Version (K-SADS) to confirm the diagnosis of Tourette Syndrome and also to assess patients for the presence of comorbid psychiatric conditions. At the time of their scans, patients were assessed with the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale to assess the severity of their tics. Control subjects were also assessed using K-SADS, and personal history of major psychiatric illness was exclusionary. In either group, mental retardation was exclusionary. Experiments were performed late at night while subjects were asleep, and Tourette Syndrome patients were imaged under sedation using oral midazolam or oral chloral hydrate. Parental informed written consent, approved by the local Research Ethics Review Board, was provided prior to scanning. A 3.0 T head-only research scanner (IMRIS, Winnipeg, Canada) with a quadrature head coil was used for all imaging experiments in this study. Standard T1-weighted localizer images and axial multi-echo images for radiological assessment were initially acquired. This was followed by a 3-D MP-RAGE acquisition (1.2-mm isotropic voxels, TI/TE/TR=200/5/11 ms, flip angle 12 degrees, inter-segment repeat time 3.3 s), to be used for segmented regional volumetric analysis and MRSI partial volume correction. Localized proton spectra were acquired with an interleaved, multi-slice spin-echo MRSI sequence (8) using slice-selective adiabatic inversion for extra-cranial lipid nulling (TI/TE/TR=230/135/1800 ms, FOV=280 mm, 35x35 circularly bounded k-space
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.013 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".