RESEARCH NOTE Application of a DNA barcode using the 16S rRNA gene to diagnose pest Arion species in the USA
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Arion Ferussac, 1819, is a large, predominantly western Palearctic genus of slugs with a number of species that are of considerable agricultural and forestry concern. Many Arion species have been introduced throughout the world through commerce, and have established themselves as pests in predo- minantly synanthropic and other disturbed environments in the USA and Canada (Robinson, 1999). Since 1999, nation- wide surveys under the umbrella of the USDA North American Slug Project have been conducted to document the current distributions of non-native slug species. Arion species are as yet found to be absent from Puerto Rico, and surveys in Alaska and the Hawaiian Islands are incomplete. In view of the potential threat of new introductions of non- established Arion species, all specimens intercepted from incom- ing shipments from abroad must be identified by quarantine authorities in order to determine whether or not the associated commodity can be allowed to enter the country. Arion slugs are frequently intercepted at the US ports on commercial imports from Europe, particularly associated with shipments of mush- rooms, cut flowers, flower bulbs, horticultural plants and veg- etables. However, most intercepted slugs are immature, lacking the diagnostic genitalia that would facilitate their identifi- cation. Without internal examination, several species are difficult to identify, as the plethora of synonyms in the malaco- logical literature would suggest. The adults of some species resemble the immatures of others, and the external appearance of a species may also differ according to its geographic origin.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".