Subarctic shores without an ice foot: Low extremes in intertidal temperature during winter
Bibliographic record
Abstract
On marine shores that freeze in winter, the intertidal zone becomes covered by an ice foot. Stable ice foots insulate intertidal organisms against highly negative air temperatures. On subpolar intertidal habitats that do not freeze, the periodic inundation with seawater at temperatures near its freezing point also prevents benthic organisms from experiencing highly negative temperatures. However, low tides do expose ice-free intertidal habitats to aerial conditions, but information on how negative temperature gets there during the winter is lacking. Using data loggers, this study measured the daily lowest temperature in rocky intertidal habitats on the Atlantic coast of Nova Scotia, Canada (which does not freeze), during the winter. As a control, temperature was also monitored above the intertidal zone (on tree branches). Intertidal temperature was almost as low as supratidal temperature, as the seasonal averages of daily minimum temperature were -4.2 °C and -6.4 °C (with absolute minima of -14.1 °C and -19.1 °C), respectively. The study site on the Atlantic coast is climatically similar to a site surveyed on the Gulf of St. Lawrence coast of Nova Scotia. However, the Gulf of St. Lawrence coast, which freezes in winter, showed milder intertidal temperatures, with a winter average of daily minimum temperature of -1.9 °C and an absolute minimum of only -6.8 °C. Therefore, despite tidal influences, the absence of an ice foot exposes subpolar intertidal habitats to highly negative air temperatures.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".