Differences between Men and Women in the Clinical Presentation of Patients Diagnosed with Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome
Bibliographic record
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES: Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) results from recurrent episodes of breathing cessation during sleep. Epidemiologic studies have shown that OSAS is more prevalent in men than women (4% vs 2%). Previous studies have explored gender-related differences in upper airway anatomy and function, hormone physiology, and polysomnographic findings. The aim of this study is to assess differences in clinical presentation between women and men with OSAS. DESIGN: Retrospective chart review analysis. SETTING: Tertiary university-based medical center PARTICIPANTS: 130 randomly selected women with OSAS matched individually with 130 men with OSAS for age, body mass index, apnea-hypopnea index, and Epworth Sleepiness Scale score. INTERVENTIONS: N/A. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Data were obtained from questionnaires and in-laboratory polysomnographic studies. There were no differences between the genders for age (48.0 +/- 1.1 years [mean +/- SEM] for women vs 47.6 +/- 1.0 years for men), body mass index (40.4 +/- 0.7 kg/m2 for women vs 40.0 +/- 0.6 kg/m2 for men), apnea-hypopnea index (36.8 +/- 3.3/hour for women vs 36.0 +/- 3.0/hour for men), or Epworth Sleepiness Scale score (12.45 +/- 0.53 for women vs 12.84 +/- 0.47 for men). Although snoring and sleepiness were similarly common in women and men, women more often described their main presenting symptoms as insomnia (odds ratio: 4.20; 95% confidence interval: 1.54-14.26) and were much more likely to have a history of depression (odds ratio: 4.60; 95% confidence interval: 1.71-15.49) and hypothyroid disease (odds ratio: 5.60; 95% confidence interval: 2.14-18.57). Women presented less often with a primary complaint of witnessed apnea (odds ratio: 0.66; 95% confidence interval: 0.38-1.12), consumed less caffeine per day (3.3 cups in women vs 5.2 cups in men; P = .0001), and admitted to less alcohol consumption (odds ratio: 0.36; 95% confidence interval: 0.18-0.70). CONCLUSIONS: At the time of OSAS diagnosis, women with OSAS are more likely to be treated for depression, to have insomnia, and to have hypothyroidism than are men with the same degree of OSAS.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".